Upgrading Informal Settlements FAQ

Informal settlements are places where people who don’t have a house build temporary houses for themselves on land that they do not have formal permission to use and there are no proper roads, water or toilets in the area.

Informal settlements usually start when people can’t afford to buy their own land and houses and there are not enough government subsidised houses available. These people then occupy, without permission, land that they find and build their own houses.

Government has acknowledged that informal settlements are a reality and they recognise that in-situ upgrading is a necessity.

The upgrading of informal settlements is where government helps people living in informal settlements to improve their living conditions over time on the land where they are already living.

Upgrading of informal settlements does not include the upgrading of shacks in backyards.

Also, if government moves people out of an informal settlement into a new RDP (government subsidised) house this is not the upgrading of an informal settlement because you are not improving the settlement over time where people are living.  This is called building new government subsidised housing.

The United Nations defines informal settlements as “residential” areas where:

• inhabitants have no security of tenure in relation to the land or dwellings they inhabit, including squatting and informal rental housing
• the neighbourhoods usually lack, or are cut off from, basic services and city infrastructure and
• the housing may not comply with current planning and building regulations, and is often situated in geographically and environmentally hazardous areas.

This can be summarised as settlements where people:

• do not have a right to stay on the land
• do not have proper water, sanitation and other services
• live in a house that does not have planning and building approval

If any of these applies then that settlement can be categorised as an informal settlement:

• No land – bad services – bad house
• No land – bad services – good house
• No land – good services – bad house
• Land – bad services – bad house
• No land – good services – good house
• Land – bad service – good house
• Land – good service – bad house

An informal settlement is no longer an informal settlement if it has:

• Land – good services – good house

There are two main reasons for why we need the upgrading of informal settlements:

1. We need upgrading of informal settlements because there is not enough money in government’s budget to build everyone a nice RDP house within a short period of time. It has been estimated by the National Upgrading Support Programme (NUSP) that it will take more than 32 years for government to build RDP houses for all the people that were living in informal settlements in 2018 with the money that is available.  This does not take into account any new households that will need to get a house over this period.
2. The constitutional court has ruled in cases like the Grootboom judgement of 2000 and the Joe Slovo case of 2010 that government must make sure that everyone has access to at least basic level services of water and sanitation and that over time peoples’ conditions are improved until everyone has access to adequate housing.

These constitutional court cases are based on the constitution of South Africa.  There are a number of clauses in the constitution which lead the constitutional court to make these judgements.

SECTION 9 (1) says that everyone is equal before the law and has the right to equal protection and benefit of the law. (2) Equality includes the full and equal enjoyment of all rights and freedoms.

Informal settlements example: We cannot have situations where some people benefit from having access to toilets where others don’t.

SECTION 10 says that everyone has inherent dignity and the right to have their dignity respected and protected.

Informal settlements example: We cannot continue to have people living in undignified situations where they have to defecate in the bush.

SECTION 24 says that everyone has the right to an environment that is not harmful to their health or wellbeing, and through reasonable legislative and other measures, the right to an environment that prevents pollution while still promoting justifiable economic and social development.

Informal settlements example: People can’t live in situations where their health is compromised by being exposed to faeces and other pollutants in the air, water and soil.

SECTION 25 (5) says that the state must take reasonable legislative and other measures, within its available resources, to foster conditions which enable citizens to gain access to land on an equitable basis.  SUB-SECTION (6) goes on to say that a person or community whose tenure of land is legally insecure as a result of past racially discriminatory laws or practices is entitled, to the extent provided by an Act of Parliament, either to tenure which is legally secure or to comparable redress.  SUB SECTION (9) says that Parliament must enact the legislation referred to in SUB-SECTION (6).

Informal settlements example: Government must have a programme like the upgrading of informal settlement programme and use it to help people get land in a fair way.  Government must also find ways to increase tenure security over time.

SECTION 26 (1) says that everyone has the right to have access to adequate housing and SUB-SECTION (2) says that the state must take reasonable legislative and other measures, within its available resources, to achieve the progressive realisation of this right.

Informal settlements example: The constitution realises that it is unlikely that government will have enough money to make sure everyone has adequate housing all at once so it says that government can work in a progressive, phased and step by step basis to achieve adequate housing.  In informal settlements this step by step – or incremental – process which involves starting to provide basic water, sanitation and other services and then over time improve the quality of these services and look to help people get adequate housing.

SECTION 26 (3) says that no-one may be evicted from their home, or have their home demolished, without an order of court made after considering all the relevant circumstances. No legislation may permit arbitrary evictions.

Informal settlement example: Government must follow law (like following the procedures found in the Prevention of Illegal Eviction from and unlawful occupation of Land Act, no. 19 of 1998.) when it comes to removing people from an informal settlement.

SECTION 27 (1) (B) says that everyone has the right to have access to sufficient water;  and SUB-SECTION (2) says that the state must take reasonable legislative and other measures, within its available resources, to achieve the progressive realisation of this right.

Informal settlement example: Government must use what resources it has to ensure that people have at least some basic minimum level of water and then over time, in a progressive, phased and step by step basis, incrementally improve the quality and level of access.

An often overlooked clause in the constitution that is relevant for informal settlements SECTION 28 (1) (C) which says that every child has the right to shelter.  It is interesting to note that the word shelter and not housing is used, and that this clause is bound by the requirement to provide such shelter on a progressive basis within available resources.

Informal settlement example: Government must make sure that shelter is provided to households with children (defined in the constitution to be people under the age of 18 years)

Section 152 (1) says that one of the duties of local government is to ensure the provision of services to communities in a sustainable manner; ….to promote a safe and healthy environment.

Informal settlement example: Government has a duty to ensure that basic services are provided to communities to promote sustainable development and a safe and healthy environment.

Section 153 (a) says that local government must give priority to the basic needs of the community

Informal settlement example: This is an important provision for informal settlements, as it means municipalities must prioritise the provision of basic services amongst all the other the things that local government does.  It specifically makes reference to ‘basic needs’ which is not defined in the Constitution but the Constitutional Court has read sections 152 and 153 of the Constitution together with provisions contained in other legislation and described how there is a public law “right to basic municipal services” that includes water, sanitation, electricity, and refuse removal.

Another piece of legislation that is important when it comes the provision of  basic services is The Municipal Systems Act number 32 of 2000.

• Section 73(1) of this Act states that a municipality must “(a) give priority to the basic needs of the local community …. [and] (c) ensure that all members of the local community have access to at least the minimum level of basic municipal services.”
• This Act defines “basic municipal services” to mean “a municipal service that is necessary to ensure an acceptable and reasonble quality of life and, if not provided, would endanger public health or safety or the environment.”
• Section 73(2) says that these municipal services must be:
  • equitable and accessible;
  • provided in a manner that is conducive to ….the improvement of standards of quality over time;
  • financially sustainable;
  • environmentally sustainable; and
  • regularly reviewed with a view to upgrading, extension and improvement.

In normal RDP housing subsidy projects people must qualify to get a RDP house.  For example, they must be South African, earn more than R3 500/ month, and not have owned a house before, to name just a few.   (See next section for more detail on these criteria)

The upgrading of informal settlements programme is different in that anyone who lives in an informal settlement is able to benefit and get access to services and to piece of land from which they cannot be evicted.  This includes people in households that earn more than R3 500/ month, people who have received a subsidy before, single households and even foreign nationals (although the names of these people are supposed to be handed over to home affairs).

It must be noted that only people who qualify for a housing subsidy can get government funds to build a top structure (or house), and also get title deeds to the land they occupy.  This is explained further on in this FAQ.

To qualify for an RDP house and to get title deeds you must meet the National Housing Subsidy Scheme criteria. This means you must be:

• A South African citizen
• Over 21 and mentally competent to sign a contract
• Married or living with a partner, or single and have dependants (single military veterans or aged people without dependents also qualify)
• Earn less than R3,500 per month per household (so if two people in your family earn and these earnings amount to more than R3,500 per month you will not qualify)
• A first time government subsidy recipient
• A first time home owner
• If you are disabled you are supposed to be given preference and your house is supposed to be adapted to meet your needs.

There  are four key features:

• Incrementalism
• Tenure security
• Participation
• Partnerships

Incrementalism

The upgrading of informal settlements happens incrementally in a step by step process over time.  For example at the start, communal water and sanitation ablution blocks can be provided for every 20 households and then, over time, more ablution blocks can be built so there is one ablution per 5 households. In the long term, the intention is to get to one toilet and water connection per household.

Tenure Security

Building on the concept of incrementalism, the upgrading of informal settlements does not necessarily mean that people will immediately get title deeds.  Over time, government will find ways to improve people’s land tenure security, where they are able to stay in the informal settlement while at the same time knowing what they are able to do on the land and knowing that they will not be removed from the land without government following proper legal processes to move them.

The National Upgrading Support Programme identifies three categories of tenure recognition that can be seen as part of a continuum, moving from less tenure to more secure tenure.

• Local recognition refers to local practices that have been developed by the community over time to control who can live in the informal settlement such as keeping a community list.
• Administrative recognition is, for example, where the municipality uses its administrative systems to create a list by doing a shack count and painting numbers on shacks.
• Legal recognition is where government uses legal procedures like the town planning and land surveying laws to establish settlements and then provide lease agreements or even title deeds.

See question “What other forms of tenure can be used within the process of upgrading of informal settlements?“ to see more examples of tenure security.

Participation

The community must be involved in all phases of the upgrading of informal settlements- from the planning of how the settlement will be upgraded to monitoring that the upgrading process is implemented according to the plans.

Partnerships

All structures and organisations must work together to support the upgrading process.  The Municipality must manage the whole process.  Government departments must bring water, roads, refuse collection services, recreation facilities, small business support, and other support. NGOs and the private sector must do what they can and communities must participate in all phases of the upgrading process.

The national department of human settlements, through the NUSP have identified the following four principles that guide upgrading of informal settlement:

• Care about the people
• Listen to and understand the needs of the people
• Upgrade informal settlements for health, safety and dignity
• Act swiftly using resources available

The upgrading of informal settlements programme is designed to achieve the following objectives:

• Tenure security – through formalising the tenure rights of informal settlement residents, so as to enhance the concept of citizenship
• Health and security – through the provision of affordable and sustainable basic municipal engineering to the residents of informal settlements, which allows for the scaling up in future.
• Empowerment – through the promotion of social and economic integration, building social capital though participative processes and addressing the broader social needs of the communities, so as to promote social and economic inclusion

Stay or Move

The first categorisation involves identifying those informal settlements where people will be able to stay on the land they already occupy, and those settlements where the people will need to move to a new piece of land as the land is not suitable for long term occupation.

Timeframe

The second categorisation then involves looking at how quickly the settlement will be upgraded where it is (if it can stay) or how quickly it will be moved.

When combining these two categorisations one gets a table with the following four categories.

• Category A: The people can stay on the land and can also get a full level of services and strong tenure security now or very soon on this land.
• Category B1: The people can stay on the land, but they initially only get basic interim services and basic tenure recognition, with full services and strong tenure security provided later on this same piece of land
• Category B2: The people can stay on the land in the short term with access to basic emergency services and basic tenure recognition; but in the medium to long term they will be moved to more appropriate land where they could either get basic services and basic tenure recognition or they could get full services and strong tenure security.
• Category C: The people are moved as soon as possible onto a new piece of land. On the new land people could either get full services and strong tenure security straight away or they can get interim services and basic tenure recognition.

Click here to see an info-graphic summarising these categories and showing the phases per category.

Another way to think about upgrading is to think about how many times a household will need to move during the upgrading process.

• No moves: This can be called ‘pure’ upgrading where the roads and services are built in-between the existing shacks and people do not have to move. This usually happens in a low density informal settlement where shacks are built far apart.
• One move: This is also called re-blocking where the government and community try and lay out the new plots and roads in a way that only requires people to move their shack once to the piece of land that has been marked out in the original informal settlement. This is usually found in medium density informal settlements. Full re-blocking is where the whole settlements has to shift their shacks once to a new location to bring in services.  Partial re-blocking is where only some of the shacks need to shift to make space for roads and pipes etc.
• Two moves: This is also called upgrading via a Transitional Relocation Area (TRA) where the government moves people into temporary accommodation on a new piece of land while they create plots and put in the services on the original land the person occupied. Once this is complete the household is moved back onto the original piece of land.  The TRA can ten be used by people from another informal settlement for upgrading via a TRA.   This is usually found in high density informal settlements where the shacks are all very close to each other.
• Jump: This approach refers to households that have to move to a new piece of land.  They have to ‘jump’ to a totally new piece of land and either build their own houses (temporary or permanent) on a piece of land that is allocated to them or move into a formal house built for them (if they qualify).

The upgrading of informal settlements programme involves three phases.

• Phase 1: Application
• Phase 2: Project Initiation
• Phase 3: Project Implementation

In summary:

• Phase 1 – The (project) application phase is where the municipality motivates for upgrading of informal settlement funding.
• Phase 2 – The project initiation phase focuses on the provision of interim or emergency basic services and some form of basic administrative tenure recognition for all B1 and B2 categorised informal settlements.
• Phase 3 – The project implementation phase focuses on the provision of full permanent engineering services, and improving tenure security (such as pegging plots and rezoning the land) can be taken for B1 informal settlements. For B2 settlements, alternative land is identified and then at least basic interim services and administrative tenure recognition can be provided on this alternative land.

What is called phase 4, the consolidation phase, is not really a phase of the upgrading of informal settlement programme but it is an additional phase where houses are built and title deeds are provided for those people who qualify for a housing subsidy once they have been through the previous phases. For B1 settlements this will be on the land they originally occupied and for B2 settlements this will be on the new land identified for relocation.

There is also what can be termed a pre-phase (or phase 0) where the municipality does the necessary investigations to get to a stage where they are able to categorise all informal settlements in a particular municipal area, and can then start with phase 1 knowing if the settlement is a category A, B1, B2 or C settlement.

Click here to see an info-graphic of these phases and how the phases relate to the different upgrading categories.

One of the unique features of the upgrading of informal settlements is that all informal settlements (besides those few that are categorised as A or C) will get either basic interim services (for B1 settlements that will stay in future), or basic emergency services (for B2 settlements that will move in future).

Examples of basic interim or emergency services include, but are not restricted to:

• Mobile water tankers
• Communal water standpipes
• Communal containerised toilets
• Communal free standing toilets
• Basic lined storm water channels
• Paved pedestrian paths
• Basic gravel road access routes
• Communal refuse collection points
• Fire hydrants accessible to all shacks by fire hoses
• Pre-payment electricity meters to all shacks

Interim and emergency basic services do not have to be restricted to this list. Other types of services and facilities can also be provided as part of an incremental step by step process over time.  Examples include:

• Basic fenced play areas with some form of level playing surface
• A basic structure to be used as an interim or emergency community hall (it could even just be a roof on poles)
• A containerised temporary office (to be used for housing support services)

It is up to the community and municipality to motivate for and plan for more interim and emergency basic services and facilities.

The dimensions of engineering services that need to be considered when providing municipal engineering services includes:

• Level of service: From minimum (like communal standpipe) to full (like water connection per site)
• Degree of sharing: From communal (like communal ablution block) to individual (like toilets and taps per house)
• Lifespan of service: From temporary (like water tanker) to permanent (like water per house).

Basic services are generally found at the minimum level and communal  degree of sharing end of two of these dimensions, and can either be temporary or permanent.

The general idea is to move over time from the minimum to full level of service, from the communal to the individual degree of sharing, and from the temporary to the permanent lifespan of the service.

The norms and standards one uses depends on which document one reads. Click here to find a table summarising water and sanitation standards from various sources.

For example, it would appear that the official norms and standards from the ‘water regulations’ of 2001 are: 

• Water: A minimum of 25 litres per person per day (or 6 kilolitres per household per month), within 200 meters of each household. (Section 3)
• Sanitation: a toilet that is safe, reliable, environmentally sound, easy to keep clean, provides privacy and protection against the weather, well ventilated, keeps smells to a minimum and prevents the entry and exit of flies and other disease-carrying pests. (Section 2)

Whereas the ‘Emergency housing programme‘ uses the following norms and standards:

• one water tap every 25 families (page 36)
• one toilet per 5 families (page 36)

The Department of Water and Sanitation (2017) in its report ‘National norms and standards for domestic water and sanitation services – version 3 final’ set targets for what minimum standards are for water and sanitation.  Apparently these norms and standards however were never officially adopted by government and are therefore still draft.

Toilets

For interim communal toilets target is one toilet seat per 50 people (see page 44 of above mentioned 2017 draft norms and standards).  So assuming 4 to 5 people per household this is about one toilet seat per 10 to 13 households.  Where interim communal toilets are where “[p]eople access a pleasant, safe, reliable and well-maintained improved toilet and hand washing facility in close proximity for a period of time until a[n] … [improved] level of sanitation service can be established.

The ultimate target by 2030, when interim sanitation services should be phased out, is one toilet per household, but in instances where toilets are shared by indigent households a situation of one shared toilet per 20 people (or 4 or 5 households) can be accommodated.

Water

For water, the national norms and standards are 1500 litre of potable water per household per month, that is within 100 meters of each household (see page 22 of above mentioned 2017 draft norms and standards).  Note that this 100 meters to taps is less than the 200 meters to a tap mentioned in the 2001 norms and standards.

In situations where water-borne toilets are used, it would make sense for a water connection to be linked to each toilet.

There are also norms and standards for other services such as refuse removal, electricity and others.

Refuse removal

The national target for refuse removal is that at least one 100 litre refuse container should be available per 10 households; and that all waste generated by populations living in settlements shall be removed from the settlement environment a least once a week.

Electricity

The ultimate target for electricity connections is one pre-payment electricity meter per household, including households living in informal settlements  (with access to 50 kwh of free electricity per household per month).

Different municipalities can set their own norms and standards.  For example The City of Cape Town aims to provide one toilet per every five families, one water tap for every 25 families within a 200 m radius, and one refuse removal per week.

Many municipalities however, including, for example the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality, do not have clear norms and standards for basic services particularly related to informal settlements.

Many municipalities are discussing what would be a suitable minimum standard for provision of emergency and/or temporary basic services in informal settlements, especially in category B1 and B2.  The following provides  a draft example of what some municipalities are considering:

• Potable water: Shared water point collection point within 25 meters of all dwellings. Overflow water captured in sewers or storm water pipes.
• Fire: Access ways provide 2.5 to 3 meter wide fire breaks and evacuation routes within 20 meters of all dwellings. Fire hose connection points /hydrants provided within 50 m of all dwellings).
• Sewerage: Local shared toilets located within 35 meters of all dwellings.
• Grey water: Household grey water disposal inlets within 35 meters of all dwellings
• Storm water: All main storm water channels are identified and protected.
• Access paths:5 to 3 meter (minimum) paved pedestrian paths with staircases and street lighting within 25 meters of all dwellings. Storm-water management infrastructure within 25 meters of all dwellings. Local overland flow routes are channelled onto the storm water system
• Solid waste: Central refuse collection point/transfer station (concrete slab and screening or skip). Community based waste transport system like Wheelie bins, wheel barrows, etc.
• Electricity: Poles and street lights on the main access routes. Local formal distribution system installed but designed to allow future repositioning of individual dwelling units without significant abortive costs.

For informal settlements that are to remain where they are into the future (B1 category) it is useful to give careful attention to where the basic services are located in phase 2 so that when the area is upgraded to more permanent services during phase 3 the need to remove basic services infrastructure is minimised.

For low density settlements where the shacks are located further apart and there are wider paths within the settlement, this is normally much easier as there is enough space inside the settlement to bring in water and sanitation pipes and put in communal toilets and water standpipes.

For medium to high density settlements where the shacks are much closer together and the paths between shacks are often narrow, it is much harder to find space to bring interim services into the settlement.

One option is to locate the communal water standpipes and communal/ shared toilets on the edge of the settlement.  This makes it easier for the municipality to bring these services and does not disrupt shacks within the settlement.  The problem is that people who live in the middle of the settlement will have to walk further to get to the services.

Another option is to identify a grid or frame of potential future main paths through the settlement and then route pipes along this frame and locate communal taps and toilets within this grid.  In many instances this may require some shacks to be shifted or even moved completely out of the settlement to widen the paths along the frame and open up space for communal water and toilets. This is sometimes called partial re-blocking and may be a challenge to organise but it is easier to move a few people at this stage rather than moving the whole settlement.

For category B2 settlements that will move in future, it is not as important to position emergency basic services in a way that allows for future upgrading as these settlements will be relocated.  What is more important is to provide basic services that minimise the abortive costs when the settlement is moved.  In other words rather provide a containerised communal toilet that can be moved when the settlement is moved.

Government has a constitutional obligation to address people’s dignity and progressively realise their right to water, a healthy environment and housing. This means that government must start by providing people with access to basic emergency and temporary services. Progressively, in a step by step manner, as resources become available, government can improve the level of services and tenure security of these people and work towards the achievement of adequate housing.

This means that even if the people living on the land or government do not own the land, government is still constitutionally obliged to provide access to emergency or interim basic services.

The housing subsidy phases are designed in such a way that government can provide emergency and temporary basic services in phase 2.  More detailed planning and land surveying only happens in phase 3 after the basic services are provided.  More permanent services are also only provided in phase 3.

When installing the basic services, the municipality must consider the need to remove these services (for category B2 settlements) or somehow include the use of these services within the upgraded settlement. This means, for example, that modular and temporary sanitation and other services should be used where possible so they can be moved if needed. However, it is recognised that in some situations there will be the need to remove previous services if these services are located in an area that proves not to be suitable after more detailed planning is conducted. This would not be seen as wasteful expenditure as it was installed to address a basic constitutionally guaranteed need.

If the municipality puts basic services on land it does not own it must be able to show the courts, if the existing land owner objects, that the:

• municipality has a long term programme to address informal settlements in a systematic way, over time. This includes, for example, categorising all informal settlements and showing which settlements will be provided with basic and emergency services first as part of phase 2 of the upgrading programme and when they will move to phase 2.
• existing occupiers of the land have participated in and been kept informed about what plans are being developed for the informal settlement.
• existing owners of the occupied land have been informed of what the plans are for either upgrading the settlement where it is or relocating the settlement to a new piece of land when the alternative land is ready.

See section 6.3 on page 136 of “Preparing to scale up informal settlement upgrading in South Africa” for more information on providing basic services on land one does not own.

According to the upgrading of informal settlements subsidy quantum from April 2018 there is just less than R30,000 per household available for phases 1, 2 and 3 of the upgrading of informal settlement programme.  There is also an additional about R1,500 per household to assist with relocation of households where necessary (meaning, for example, paying for transport costs to move peoples building material and household goods if this is needed).

Other housing programmes like the enhanced Peoples Housing Process and the Integrated Residential Development Programme can be used to buy the land transfer title deeds as well as build a house. The subsidy quantum amount is just under R117,000 per house to cover the cost of building the housing top structure.

The Finance Linked Individual Subsidy can also be used to buy the land and build houses but in this situation the subsidy amount depends on the household income and ranges from just over R121,000 per household (if the household earns just above R3,500 per month), to around R28,000 per household (if the household earns just below R22,000 per month).

For those people who don’t qualify for top structure subsidies (because, for example, they have already owned property, or they earn more than R3,500/ month), they have to use their own funds and resources to buy the land and build their own houses.

The two main programmes for funding upgrading of informal settlements are using funds from

• The human settlement development grant (HSDG) that local municipalities can access.
• The urban settlement development grant (USDG) that metropolitan municipalities can access.

Iindawo ezihlala abantu ezikumgangatho ophantsi ekugxininiswe kuzo kolu hlelo zezo apho abantu bengenazindlu zisengangathweni uphazelu oninzi lwazo lwakhiwe ngezinto ezingakhawuleza zidilike ezifana nodaka, imacangci, ibhokisi zamaphepha neplastiki, njalo njalo. Inkangeleko yazo ezi zindlu ingathi zezokuxhwarha nje umzuzwana kuba zakhiwe ngezinto ezingenakuze zibambelele ithuba elide. Maxa wambi ezi zindlu zakhiwa kumhlaba apha abantu bengakhange bafumane mvume yabasenthethweni yokwakha khona, nto leyo enyanzelisa ukuba babekuxhwarha belindele ukususwa nanini. Inkoliso yezi ndawo azibinazo inkonzo zophuhliso ezifana namanzi, izindlu zangasese, ukuthuthwa kwenkunkuma, njalo njalo.

Xa abantu bengenazo iinzame neendlela zokuthenga umhlaba okanye izindlu, abe norhulumente engenayo indlela yokubabonelela ngezindlu. Kube kufuneka besondele kumathuba engqesho nakumathuba endlela zokuziphilisa ezizemthethweni kuye kunyanzeleke ukuba abantu bazame unako-nako benze indlela yokufihla intloko. Amaxesha amaninzi ke abantu abakule meko baye bakhangele umhlaba ofumanekayo baxhwarhe kuwo, amaxesha amaninzi bengakhange babe kanti bafumena mvume kubanini mhlaba lowo.

Uphuhliso lwe upgrading of informal settlements aluquki ukuphuhliswa kwezindlu ezingekho mgangathweni ezakhiwe emveni kwendlu yodidi kumzi nomzi. Into ekuthiwa ngamagumbi asecaleni ngabanini mzi (ibackyard shacks).

Kwakhona, xa urhulumente ekhupha abantu kwizindlu ezingekho mgangatwheni ebasa kwezo abakhele zona kwinkqubo iRDP, nolo asilulo uphuhliso kule nkqubo esithetha ngayo. Yone leyo inknqubo kukhwakhiwa nje kwezindlu zesibonelelo ngurhulumente.

Uphuhliso lwe upgrading of informal settlements aluquki ukuphuhliswa kwezindlu ezingekho mgangathweni ezakhiwe emveni kwendlu yodidi kumzi nomzi. Into ekuthiwa ngamagumbi asecaleni ngabanini mzi (ibackyard shacks).

Kwakhona, xa urhulumente ekhupha abantu kwizindlu ezingekho mgangatwheni ebasa kwezo abakhele zona kwinkqubo iRDP, nolo asilulo uphuhliso kule nkqubo esithetha ngayo. Yone leyo inknqubo kukhwakhiwa nje kwezindlu zesibonelelo ngurhulumente.

Umbutho wembumba yezizwe ngeziwe iUnited Nations uzicacisa indawo ezingekho mgangathweni ezihlala abantu ngolu hlobo:

• Abahlali abo abanasiqinisekiso sisemthethweni sokuhlala kwindawo abame kuyo, bahleli bexhwarhile behleli ngempundu enye, kuquka nabo bahleli ngomgunyathi kumhlaba abangacelanga mvume ukuba bame kuwo, nabo bahleli emagumbini asemva kwezindlu ezinkulu ezikumgangatho ophezulwana behlawuliswa nerhafu;
• Ezi ndawo zibonakala ngokuswela iinkonzo ezininzi zoluntu ukuba umgangatho uphantsi, amaxesha amaninzi ziye zibe mgama nasembindini wedolophu apho inkonzo zingcono khona; kwaye
• Izindlu ezakhiwayo kwezi ndawo uninzi lwazo zikumgangatho ophantsi, angangqamananga nemigomo kaMasipala yezakhiwo, umaxa amaninzi zimi nakwindawo ezingafanele kuhlala bantu ngokwemeko yazo.

Ukushwankathela le ngcaciso ke masithi:

• Abantu bahlala ngokungekho mthethweni bengenamvume yakuhlala
• Abanamanzi, zindlu zangasese okanye ezinye inkonzo zophuhliso ezibalulekileyo kwintlala-kahle yoluntu
• Izindlu abahlala kuzo zikumgangatho ophansti obeka nobomi babo engciphekweni

Khangela ukuba ngaba ayikho nae nye nokuba zezimbalwa kwezi mpawu zingezantsi, nto leyo ekubonisayo ukuba indawo ohlala kuyo yesemgangathweni na okanye yenye yezi ndawo ezingekho mgangathweni ekuthethwa ngazo apha:

• Umhlaba ayingowakho – inkonzo zophuhliso azikho kakuhle – indlu ikumgangatho ophantsi
• Umhlaba ayingowakho – inkonzo zophuhliso azikho kakuhle – indlu ikumgangatho ophezulu
• Umhlaba ayingowakho – zikhona iinkonzo zophuhliso ziyonelisa – indlu ikumgangatho ophantsi
• Umhlaba ngowakho ngokusemthethweni – inkonzo zophuhliso azikho kakuhle – indlu ikumgangatho phantsi
• Umhlaba ayingowakho – iinkonzo zophuhliso ziyancomeka – indlu ikumgangatho ophezulu
• Umhaba ngowakho ngokusemthetwheni – akukho zinkonzo zophuhliso – indlu ikumgangatho ophezulu
• Umhaba ngowakho ngokusemthetwheni – iinkonzo zophuhliso ziyancomeka – indlu ikumgangatho ophantsi

Indawo ehlala abantu iba kumgangatho owamkelekileyo nolungileyo xa

• Abantu bemi emhlabeni ngokusemthethweni – benenkonzo zophuhliso ezincomekayo – behlala kwizindlu ezikumgangatho ofanelekileyo

Zimbini izizathu eziphambili zokwakhiwa kwenkqubo yokuphuhliswa kwendawo abantu abahlala kuzo ezikumgangatho ophantsi:

1. Urhulumente akanayo imali eyaneleyo yokuba angakhela bonke abantu abadinga indawo yokuhlala nabahlala kwindawo ezikumgangatho ophantsi izindlu ngokohlelo lwakhe lwenkxaso-ngezindlu oluyi RDP. Uqikelelo olwenziwe yinkqubo karhulumente ye National Upgrading Support Programme (NUSP) lubonisa ukuba kungathabatha iminyaka engu 32 ukuba urhulumente akhele bonke abantu abebedinga izindlu zokuhlala esisemgangathweni ngomnyaka ka 2018 esebenzisa imali anayo yohlelo lokwakhiwa kwezindlu iRDP. Kolu phando ababalwanga abantu abazakube bedinga izindlu kwiminyaka eyandulela lowo ka 2018 nani elo eliye likhula nalo.
2. Inkundla enkulu yomgaqo siseko icacisile kwizigwebo ezisiwileyo ezifana neso setyala elinomama uGrootboom sika 2000 kwanesetyala elifana nele Joe Slovo sango 2010, ukuba urhulumente unyanzelekile ukuba enze inzame zokuqinisekisa ukuba wonke ubani unako ukufikelela kwinkonzo zophuhliso ezifana namanzi nozindlu zangasese, kwanoikuqinisekisa ukuba wenza inzame ezibonakalayo zokuohucula intlalo yoluntu khona ukuze wonke ubani akwazi ukuhlala kwindawo ezisemgangatweni ofanelekileyo.

Mininzi kakhulu imigomo nemiqathango ewiswa ngumgaqqo-siseko welizwe malunga nendlela yokuhlala yoluntu nenxaxheba urhulumente ekufuneka eyithathile.

SECTION 9 (1) uthi bonke abantu bayalingana phambi komthetho kwaye kume eukuba umthetho ubakhusele ngokulinganayo. (2) Equality – amalungelo abantu abanawo emthethweni ayalingana.

Masiyizise ke lento kulo mxholo wendawo ezihlala uluntu ezingekho mgangathweni sense umzekelo: Akukwazeki ukuba kubekho abantu abafumana inkxaso karhulumente yenkonzo zezindlu zangasese babe abanye abantu bengenazo ezinkonzo kwaphela, kunyanzeleka ukuba babalekele emathafeni.

SECTION 10 uthi wonke ubani unelungelo lokuhlonitshwa, kwaye eli Lungelo kumele lihlonitshwe, likhuselwe.

Masiyizise ke lento kulo mxholo wendawo ezihlala uluntu ezingekho mgangathweni sense umzekelo: Akulunganga kwaphela ukuba kubekho abantu abangabonelelwayo ngurhulumente bade banyanzeleke ukuba bazincede emathafeni nasemahlathini

SECTION 24 uthi wonke ubani unelungelo lokuphila kwindawo ekhuselekileyo, engabeki bomi bakhe engciphekweni, kwaye urhulumente kumele ache imithetho enze nezinye iinzame zokuqinisekisa ukuba iindawo abantu abahlala kuzo zikhuselekile umoya awungciliseki kwinzame azenzayo zophuhliso ngohlobo olungee lwenzakalise impilo yoluntu.

Masiyizise ke lento kulo mxholo wendawo ezihlala uluntu ezingekho mgangathweni sense umzekelo: Abantu abakwazi ukuhlala kwimeko apho impilo yabo isengciphekweni betsiba phezu kwelindlw indawo yonke ngenxa yokungabi nankozo zophuhliso. Lo nto ingade ichaphazele umoya abawuphefumlayo, amanzi abawaselayo kwanendawo leyo abahlala kuyo.

SECTION 25 (5) uthi urhulumente makakhe imithetho enze inzame zokuqinisekisa ukubakwimali anayo, uvula amathuba okuba abantu abangenawo umhlaba bakwazi ukuwufumana. SUB-SECTION (6) uqhubekeka yena esithi, umntu okanye abemmi abaluneglo labo kumhlaba othile lahluthwa ngexesha lengcinezelo banelungelo, elingangelo bakulinikwa ngokomthetho omawakhiwe yiPaliamente, kumhlaba abakuwunikwa ngokusemthetweni oyimbuyekezo okanye kwezinye indlela zembuyekezo amazichazwe ngurhulumente.  SUB SECTION (9) ugunyazisa iParliament eukuba mayakhe lo mthetho wenbuyekezo mhlaba enchazwe ngentla kuSUB-SECTION (6).

Masiyizise ke lento kulo mxholo wendawo ezihlala uluntu ezingekho mgangathweni sense umzekelo: urhulumente kumele enze inkqubo efana nale yokuphuhliswa kwendawo ekuhlal kuzo uluntu ezikumgangatho ophantsi olubizwa informal settlements upgrading programme ukuncedisana nenzame zoluntu zokuma umhlaba ngokusemthethweni nokuphucula impilo zabo.

SECTION 26 (1) uthi wonke ubani unelungelo lokuhlala kwindawo ekumgangatho ofanelekileyo, ze uSUB-SECTION (2) yena athi urhulumente makakhe imithetho enze nezinye inzame zokuqinisekisa ukuba kwimali anayo, eli Lungelo liyafezekiswa.

Masiyizise ke lento kulo mxholo wendawo ezihlala uluntu ezingekho mgangathweni sense umzekelo: ngokuqonda ukuba urhulumente akanaluba nayo imali yokwakhela wonke u,mntu Odinga indawo yokuhlala ifanelekileyo indlu negxesha elinye umgaqo-siseko uyavuma ukuba urhulumente azame iindlela zokulifezekisa eli phupha kancinci kancinci kodwa ke kubanakale elubala ukuzama oko kwakhe. Olu phuhliso olulandel indlela uthile kancinci-kancinci de lufezeke emva kwethuba elithile elichazwe ngexa elingaphambili lazeka lolu isekelwe pohezu kwalo lenkqubo yophuhliso ye upgrading of informal settlements oluqala lujongane nokuziswa kwenkonzo zophuhliso eziphambili kuqala ezifana namanzi nezindlu zangasese, ze ethubeni, kwakhiwe nezindlu ezisemgangathweni.

SECTION 26 (3) akukho namnye umntu omakagxothwe endlwini ahlala kuyo, okanye idilizwe ngaphandle kwemvume yenkundla yamatyala nayo emayinike lo mvume emveni kokuba iphonononge yaqwalasela imeko zonke ezeveliswa ngamacala onke. Ide ithi akukho namnye umthetho amawakhiwe ngurhulumente omawuvumele ukususwa kwabantu emhlabeni nanjani.

Masiyizise ke lento kulo mxholo wendawo ezihlala uluntu ezingekho mgangathweni sense umzekelo: urhulumente uyanyanzeleke ukuba alandele umthetho ingakumbi lowo ufumaneka kwi [Prevention of Illegal Eviction from and unlawful occupation of Land Act, no. 19 of 1998] xa efuna ukususa abantu kwindawo abahlala kuyo ngakumbi abo bahlala kwindawo ezikwizinga elingekho mgangathweni.

SECTION 27 (1) (B) uthi wonke ubani unelungelo lokufumana amanzi awoneleyo, aze yena u SUB-SECTION (2) athi urhulumente makakhe imithetho enze nenzame zokuqinisekisa ukuba abantu bayalixhamla eli lungelo.

Masiyizise ke lento kulo mxholo wendawo ezihlala uluntu ezingekho mgangathweni sense umzekelo: urhulumente kufuneke esebenzise zonke iinzame nemali anazo ukufezekisa eli phupha, kancinci kancinci, ephucula impilo yabantu.

Eyona ndawana ingafane iqatshelwe kakhulu kumgaqo-siseko nemalunga nendawo zokuhlala uluntu ezikumgangatho ophantsi ngu SECTION 28 (1) (C)  othi bonke abantwana banelungelo lokuhlala kwindawo efanelekileyo. Le ndawo ke isebenzisa igama elithi ‘shelter – indawo yokufihla intloko’ hayi ‘house – indlu’.  Naxa kunjalo, le ndawana iyagunyazisa yona ukuba abantwana babonelelwe ngendawo yokuhlala ngurhulumente.

Masiyizise ke lento kulo mxholo wendawo ezihlala uluntu ezingekho mgangathweni sense umzekelo: urhulumente kufuneka eqinisekisile ukuba indawo zokufihla intloko ezifanelekileyo ziyafunyanwa ngabantu abanabantwana njengoko zililungelo Labantwana elikumgaqo-siseko welizwe (abantwana ke ingabo baneminyaka engaphantsi kuma 18).

Xa kusakhiwa izindlu zeRDP ngurhulumente, abantu kufuneka babe kanti bafezekise mabakala athile ukuze babe nokufumana indlu. Unzekelo, kufuneka ibe ngabemi baseMzantsi Afrika, babe nesazisi esingqina oko, babe kanti umvezo wabo ungaphantsi kuma R3,500 ngenyanga, babe bengazanga baba nandlu ngaphambili ngakumbi efumaneka ngenkxaso karhulumente, njalo njalo.

Inkqubo yokupohuhliswa kwendawo ezihlala uluntu ezikumgangatho ophantsi yohlukile ngokuba wonke ubani ohlala kwindawo leyo unelungelo nethuba elilinganayo lokuthabatha inkxaxheba kuhlelo olo kwaye ilungelo lakhe lokuhlala kumhlaba lowo likhuseleke ngokufanayo nelabanye abantu kulon ndawo akujongi bimmi namvuzo wakhe oko. Kodwa ke qaphela ukuba ngabantu abafikelelayo kule migomo karhulumente yenkxaso yezindlu abaqwalaselwayo xa urhulumente ehlela izicelo zezindlu lakufika ixesha lokwakhiwa kwezindlu kwinkqubo yokupohuhliswa kwendawo ezihlala uluntu ezikumgangatho ophantsi. Icaciswa banzi ke le nkqubo apha ngezantsi.

Ukuze ubani achongelwe inkqubo yolwakhiwo lwezindlu luka rhulumente olwaziwa njenge RDP kufuneka abe kanti uyayizalisekisa le miqathango ilandelayo:

• Abe ngummi waseMzantsi Afrika
• Abe uneminyaka engaphezulu kuma21 uphilile engqindweni uyakwazi nokuzimela
• Abe utshatile okanye uhlala nomlingane, okanye uhlala yedwa kodwa unabo abantu abaxhomekeke kuye njengabantwana (oku kudibanisa amajoni esedla umhlala phantsi angatshatanga okanye abantu abadala kakhulu aele besidla umhlala phantsi bengenabantwana)
• Umvuzo wakhe ungaphantsi kuma R3,500 ngenyanga (umvuzo owenziwa ngabo bonke abantu ahlala nabo udityanisiwe)
• Akazange wakhe wafumana nkxaso ilolo hlobo kurhulumente ngaphambili
• Uyaqala ukuba nendlu ezakubhaliswa egameni lakhe
• Abantu abakhubazekileyo abayifezekisayo le miqathango ingentla kufanele ukuba baqwalaselwe kuqala bakhelwe izindluy ezibafaneleyo nezikhawulelana nemeko yabo

Zine iimpawu ongayiqwalasela ngazo le inkqubo:

• Zilandela indlela yophuhliso eyongezela kancinci-kancinci;
• Zinikezela ngesiqinisekiso sobummi esisemthethweni;
• Zivula amathuba okuba abantu bathabathe inxaxheba kuhlelo; kwaye
• Zakhelwe phezu kwentsebenziswano yamahlu awohlukeneyo.

Indlela yophuhliso eyingezelela kancinci-kancinci (Incrementalism)

Le yindlela apho indawo iye iphuhliswe kancinci kancinci, kuqalwa ngale yabube ifezekisiwe kwenziwe leya, naleya. Ekuhambeni kwexesha izinto ezininzi zibe zenziwe, bezisenziwa kancinci kancinci. Emva kwexesha xa umntu ekhangela ngasemva uye abone umzila wophuhliso.

Isiqinisekiso sobimmi bomhlaba esisemthetweni (Tenure Security)

Isiqinisekiso sobummi bomhlaba ekuthethwa ngaso kule nkqubo silandela indlela yophuhliso eyongezelelwayo njengoko kuchaziwe ngentla. Isiqinisekiso sokuqala sesivela kuMasipala esibonisa ukuba uyabazi abammi kumhlaba lowo uphuhliso lwenzeka kuwo, nobungakanani bomhlaba abawumileyo uyawazi, ekwangqina nokuba beme kulo ndawo ngokusemthethweni nangemvume yakhe. Ethubeni, uMasipala uye ancedisane nabemi abo bafumane iziqinisekiso ezisisigxina ezibizwa iTitle Deeds.

Zintathu indlela zobummi bomhlaba ezikhankanywa yi National Upgrading Support Programme ezithungelanayo kusuka kwimo yokungakhuseleki ukuya kweyesiqinisekiso esikhuselekileyo:

• Indlela abahlali abayisebenzisayo yokuvumelana ngabemi bendawo leyo. Ezi Ndlela azikho mthethweni azibhalwanga nandawo kodwa ke ziyindlela eyaziwayo neyamkelweyo ngabahlali balo ndawo abenza ngayo kuquka nokuqulunqwa koluhlu lwabahlali bendawo leyo.
• Abasemthethweni abafana noMasipala bahlela uluhle lwabahlali bendawo , bebala nemizi leyo, maxa wambi bade babhala namanani omzi ngomzi icangweni.
• Urhulumente usebenzisa imithetho yelizwe eyakhelwe oko ukuhlela abemi bendawo abakumeleyo ngokomthetho ukuba banikwe iziqinisekiso ezisemthethweni zesisigxina zobummi.

Umbuzo ongezantsi othi “ziziphi ezinye iindlela zobummi ezinokusetyenziswa xa kuphuhliswa iindawo zokuhlala uluntu ezikumgangatho ophantsi” ucacisa banzi ngokhuseleko lobummi.

Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwabantu bonke (Participation)

Le yindlela yokuqinisekisa ukuba abantu bathabatha inxaxheba kuphuhliso lwabo kuwo onke amabakala alandelwayo okuphuhlisa indawo abahlala kuyo. Abahlali bendawo leyo ngabo abanamaphupha ngendawo yabo ngoko banikwa ithuba lokuveza imibono namaphupha lawo ukuze uphuhliso olo lugnqamane nalo mibono kangangoko.

Intsebenziswano yamahlu ngamahlu (Partnerships)

Baninzi abantu abaye bathabathe ixaxheba kuphuhliso olulolu hlobo bephuma kumasebe-ngamasebe kaRhulumente, namacandelo awohlukileyo kuquka oosomashishini abakhulu,nabakhasayo, abahlali, njalo njalo. Intsebenziswano yalamahlu onke iye iqinisekise ukuba izakhono nolwazi abaza nalo kwakhelwa kulo khona ukuze uphuhliso lufezeke.

Inkqubo yecandelo lecandelo lezindlu iNUSP ifumene ezi njengezinye iimpawu onokuyibona ngazo inkqubo yokuphuhliswa kwendawo zoluntu ezikumgangatho ophantsi olubizwa informal settlement upgrading:

• Iyakhathala kakhulu ngabantu
• Imamela ikwaqwalasele imfuno zabantu
• Uphuhliso lujoliswe ekuphuculeni imo yempilo neyentlalo yoluntu
• Yenziwa ngesantya esiphezulu kusetyenziswa imali ekhoyo ngendlela

Isebe lesizwe lokuhlaliswa kwabantu, ngokusebenzisa i-NUSP lichonge le mithetho mine ilandelayo ekhokela ukuphuculwa kwamatyotyombe:

• Ukukhathalela abantu
• Mamela kwaye uqonde iimfuno zabantu
• Phucula amatyotyombe ngenjongo ezempilo, ukhuseleko nesidima
• Thatha amanyathelo ngokukhawuleza usebenzisa izixhobo ezikhoyo

Inkqubo yokuphuhliswa kwendawo zoluntu ezikumgangatho ophantsi olubizwa informal settlements ijongene nokuphumeza ezi njongo:

• Ukuba abantu bahlale emhlabeni ngokusemagunyeni benesiqinisekiso esisemthethweni soko – oku kwenziwa ngokuba amalungelo abantu akhuselwe nobummi babantu bukhuseleke
• Ukuohuhlisa imo yempilo neyokhuseleko lwabantu – indlela ezisetyenziswayo kuphuhliso zibe zezisemgangathweni ophakamileyo neziqinisekisa ukuba ethubeni nabanye abantu bayaxhamla kupohuhliso olo
• Iyaphumeza isomeleza – ngokuqinisekisa ukuba iinkonzo zentlala-kahle ziyaqwalaselwa ukuncedisana nabemmi bahlalisane ngoxolo nangenzolo besakhana befuthelana abahlali bayomelela besomelezana besakha ubuhlobo

Amabahlale namabahambe

Into yokuqala ke ekufuneka uMasipala ayenze xa elungiselela ukuphuhlisa indawo zokuhlala ezikumgangatho ophantsi kukuqala aqwalasele zonke ezi ndawo, ekhangela ukuba indawo ezimi kuyo injani. Kukho indawo ezakhelwe kumhlaba ongafanelekanga, apho amanzi abaleka khona okanye apho iindonga zivuleka khona. Zininzi ke izizathu ezenza ukuba indawo ibe ayifanelekanga ukuba abantu bangahlala kuyo. uMasipala ke kufuneka eqale wenza olu hlolo eqwalasela ukuba ngabaphi abantu abame kwindawo ekuzakufuneka besusiwe kuzo, ingabaphi abantu abame apho kunokuphuhliswa khona bengakhange kufuneke basuswe. Olu phando lubaluleke kakhulu kuba kulo kuqulathe ubunzulu bendlela emaluhlelwe ngalo uphuhliso olo nemali engafuneka, nezivumelwano ekuzakufuneka kuvunyelwene kuzo.

Ixesha elinokuthathwa

Okwesibini kukuqwlaselwa kwexesha elinokuthatyathwa ukuphuhliswa kwendawo leyo, nokuba izakuhlala kulo nadwo emi kuyo, nokuba kumele isusiwe.

Xa ke udibanisa ezi ndidi uphela ufumana oku:

• Uluhlu lokuqala (Category A): abantu bangahlala kumhlala abakuwo kwaye bangafumana iinkonzo zoluntu nesiqinisekiso sobummi ngokukhawulezileyo
• Uluhlu uB1 (Category B1): abantu bangaqhubekeka behlala emhlabeni lowo kodwa iinkonzo zoluntu bakuzifumana kuqala lo gama besalindele amanye amabakala emkqubo yophuhliso afana nesiqinisekiso sobummi nezindlu
• Uluhlu uB2 (Category B2): abantu bangahlala emhlabeni lowo okwethutyana lo gama umasipala esakhangela umhlaba aza kubasusa abase kuwo. Ngethuba sesalindile bakhabe befumana iinkonzo zoluntu zokubambisa
• Uluhlu uC (Category C): abantu kunyanzeleka ukuba basuswe ngokukhawuleza kweindawo abame kuyo bakhangelelwe indawo ulungileyo abangahlaliswa kuyo. Ngenxa yokungalungi komhlaba abame kuwo urhulumente akakwazi nokufaka inkonzo zoluntu zokubambisa.

Nantsi enye indlela yokucinga ngenkqubo yokuphuhliswa kwendawo zoluntu ezikumgangatho ophantsi olubizwa informal settlements:

• U-Akuhanjwa: ngamanye amazwi singathi le yindlela esulungekileyo yokuphuhlisa uluntu, kwindawo abakuyo bengakhange baphazanyiswe. Le into ifane yenzeke kwindawo ezihlala abantu abambalwa ezinomhlaba omhkulu babe begqagqene.
• Usihamba nje kube kanye: Le ke indlela kuthiwa ukubizwa yi re-blocking apho abantu basuswa nje umzuzwana bevula indlela ukuze iinkonzo zoluntu zifakelwe ezifana nemibhobho yamanzi, njalo njalo. Kuye ke kulungiswe nokuma kweziza zabo ngaxesha linye, baze ke baphinde babuyele ezizeni ezo zabo kwakube kugqityiwe. Kuyenzeka ngamanye amaxesha ukuba kunyanzeleke yonke imizi ekhoyo ekuhlaleni apho isuswe ibhekeliswe, kulungelaniswe iziza khona ukuze kwenziwe iindlela neziza zilungiswe. le ke into kuthiwa ukubizwa yi full re-blocking.
• Usithutha kabini: le ke inkqubo ikwabizwa njengophuhliso olujikela kwi Transitional Relocation Area (TRA) apho abantu bathuthelwa khona besuswa kwindawo yabo abebehlala kuyo, babe befunelwe umhlaba kwenye indawo nawo osamele ukulungiswa ulungiselelwe uphuhliso nokuhlalwa ngabantu. Ethubeni ke baye baphinde babsuswe kwiTRA basiwe kumhlaba lowo bawufunelweyo.
• Umasixhume: le ke inkqubo kuxa abantu kufuneka besuswe ngesiwuphe apho bebehlala khona basiwe endaweni entsha apho bafike bazakhele ezinye izindlu ezingekho mgangathweni ngelixesha belinde iinkonzo zophuhliso.

Inkqubo le inamahlelo amathathu angala:

• Isigaba sukuqala: Isicwangciso-nkqubo
• Isigaba sesibini: Ukuphunyezwa kweprojekti
• Isigaba sesithathu: Ukuqukunjelwa kwenkqubo

Ukushwankathela:

• Isigaba lokuqala – kulapho uMasipala akhuthaza khona ukuba kwakhiwe inkqubo elolu hlobo, ebonisa ukuba kutheni le inkqubo iyeyona elungileyo kwimeko yendawo, ekhangela imali, abanise nendlela engalandelwa ukwakha le nkqubo
• Isigaba lesibini – apha kulapho uMasipala egxila ekufakeleni inkonzo zoluntu zokuqala ezifana namanzi nezindlu zangasese. Uqalisa kwa kwesi sigaba ukukhupha iziqinisekiso zobummi kubahlali, ngakumbi ukuba abantu abazokususwa kwindawo abemi kuyo njengoko kucacisiwe negntla apha
• Isigaba sesithathu – kwesi sigaba kufakelwa iinkonzo ezisisigxina, amaxesha amaninzi kufakelwa inkonzo umzi nomzi, kudilizwe ezo bezikhona zimambisile. Kwakhiwa izindlu, kulungiselelwe nokuba abantu bafumane iziqinisekiso zobummi ezisisigxina.

Isigaba sesine – Phambi kokuba ziqale ke ezi zigaba zonke uMasipala kuqala kufuneka enze uphando ekumele lifumanise ukuba indawo leyo izakuphuhliswa ikweliphina ibakala (category). Kukho ukuba umhlaba ulungile ngoko abantu bangahlala kuphuhliswe belapho, kukho ukuba mabasuke, njalo njalo njengoko kucacisiwe ngentla apha kwiintlobo-ntlobo  umasihlale, usithutha, kanye, sithutha-kabini, nomisxhume.

Le nkqubo yokufakelwa kwenkonzo zoluntu zokubambisa neyokukhangela imali yokufaka ezisisigxina kwanomhlaba wabo ekufuneka besusiwe ibizwa njengehlelo lokuqala (Phase 1), kule knqubo yophuhliso lwendawo zokuhlala uluntu ezikumgangatho ophantsi. Iinkonzo ezo ke ezithi ziqwalaselwe phantsi kweli hlelo zezifana nezi:

• Indawo zokukha amanzi acocekileyo zikawonke-wonke
• Izindlu zangasese zika wonke-wonke
• Iindledlana nemilimandlela yokubaleka amanzi amdaka
• Indawo zokukha amanzi okucima umlilo xa kunokuthi kutshe
• Iindawo zokulahlwa kwenkunkuma nenkonzo zokuthuthwa kwenkunkuma

Ukongeza, ezinye zezinto ezinokufakwa kwa kolu hlelo ingazezi zilandelayo:

• Ukwakhiwa kwendawana okanye amabalana okudlala abantwana abiyelwe
• Ngungakhiwa nendawana eliholo yoluntu nokuba yakhiwe ngohlobo olungesosigxina (temporary structure)
• Kungakhiwa ne-ofisi ejongene nenkqubo le yophuhliso engekho sigxina (temporary)

uMasipala nabahlali abo uphuhliso lwenziwa endaweni yabo bayabonisana ngenkonzo ezidingekayo ezinokukhabe sisakhiwa kwakwisigaba sokuqala.

Kuye kuxhemekeke ekubeni umntu uqwalasela yiphi na imigaqo karhulumente malunga nenkonzo zophuhliso ukuze abe nako ukohlulela ukuba isimiselo malunga nezinga lenkonzo zophuhliso sithini.

Umzekelo, kukhangeleka ngathi isimiselo malunga neenkonzo zamanzi ngomnyaka ka 2001 sasisithi:

• Amanzi: umntu ngamnye axhamle kangangama 25liter ngemini okanye 6 kilolitre ngenyanga, abe umgama awuhambyo ukusuka endlwini yakhe esiya apho kukhiwa khona amanzi kungafunekanga udlule kuma 200 meters
• Izindlu zangasese: indlu yangasese kufuneka ikhuselekile, ikhona xa umntu edinga ukuyisebenzisa, imo yayo ikhangeleka, ikwazi ukucoceka, ikwazi ukumelana nemo yezulu eyahlikileyo (imelana neemvula nemimoya evuthuzayo),inendlelayokuba ivumba liphume lingahlali kuyo inazo nedlela zokukhusela izinambuzane ezibangela ukugula ziphume.

Kanti ke i‘Emergency housing programme’ isebenzisa ezi zikhombizi yona:

• Impompo enye kumzi ngamnye (page 36)
• Indlu yangasese ibenye Phakathi kwemizi emihlanu (page 36)

Lona ke icandelo lamanzi iDepartment of Water and Sanitation (2017) kwingxelo yalo ebizwa ‘National norms and standards for domestic water and sanitation services – version 3 final’  yakhe ezi zikhombisi malunga namanzi neenkonzo zelindle nangona ke ezi zikhombizi zingekavunywa njengezamkeleke kurhulumente wonke jikelele okwangoku.

Inkonzo zelindle

Okwangoku, indlu yangasese ibe nye Phakathi kwabantu abangama 50 (page 44 kule ngxelo echazwe ngentla ka 2017 draft norms and standards).  Imizi eminzi ihlala abantu abakuma 4-5, xa sisebenzisa lo mqikelelo uyakufumanisa ukuba indlu yangasese enye iyakusetyenziswa yimizi engama 10 – 13. Le ngxelo ikwatsho ke ukuba ezi zindlu zangasese zika wonke-wonke mazikhuseleke, zibesendaweni ekhuselekileyo, zibe nembobo zomoya khona ukuze ivumba nezinambuzane ezinokuza nokugula ziphume, njalo njalo.

Izinga eliphakamileyo ekusetyenzelwa kulo ke ngomnyaka ka2030 lelokuba umzi ngomzi ube nendlu yawo yangasese; inkonzo zikawonke-wonke zipheliswe ze kuthi kea pho kunyanzelekileyo ukuba abantu basebenzise indle yangasese enye kungadluli kubantu abangam 20 indlu nganye ube umzi nomzi uhlala abantu abangama 4 -5.

Amanzi

Ummiselo ngezinga lamanzi okwangoku uthi 1500 litre yamanzi umzi ngomzi ngenyanga nokokuba umzi akufunekanga uhambe umgama odlula 100 meters ukuya kukha amanzi lawo (oku kkufumaneka ku page 22 of walengxelo ichazwe ngentla ka 2017 draft norms and standards). Uyakuqaphela ke ukuba lo mgama wama 100 metres ungaphantsi kwalowo we 200 metres wangomnyaka ka 2001. Apha ke izindlu zangasese zisebenzisa amanzi, kuyanyanzeleka ukuba amanzi ngeniswe umzi nomzi.

Ikwakhona ke immimiselo nangezonye iinkonzo ezifana nokuthuthwa kwenkunkuma, umbane, njalo njalo.

Ukuthuthwa kwenkunkuma

Urhulumente uceba ukuba umzi nomzi ube nezingxobo eimalunga ne 100 litre sokufaka inkunkuma sisetyenziswe yimizi engamashumi – 10 ubuncikane, kwaye yonke inkunkuma ephuma kwindawo ezihlala abantu ezikumgangatho ophantsi isuswe kanye ngeveki.

Umbane

Ngokombane urhulumente uzamela ukuba umzi nomzi ubenombane wawo abazakazibhatalela wona ngokwabo, oku kuquka nemizi ekwindawo ezikumgangatho ophantsi. (with access to 50 kwh of free electricity per household per month).

OoMasipala bohlukene ngendlela abanikezela ngayo iinkonzo zophuhliso, nezinga abazinikezela kulo nalo lohlukile. Ixiseko seseKapa umzekelo sona simmisele ukuba indlu yangasese mayibenye Phakathi kwemizi emihlanu, impompo yamanzi ibenye Phakathi kwemizi engama 25 apho abantu mabahambe umgama ongama 200 metres ukuya kufika empompeni leyo ze inkunkuma ithuthwe kanye ngeveki.

Oomasipala abaninzi, ndiquka nowase Buffalo City, abanayo le mimmiselo icace ngolu hlobo lwaseKapa elikhombisa izinga inkonzo zophuhliso emazibe kulo kwindawo ezihlala uluntu ezikumgangatho ophantsi. Kungoku nje kukhona kusaxoxwayo ngomasipala abaninzi ukuba elona zinga lifanelekileyo kanye leliphi, ngakumbi kwindawo ezo ekuzakufuneka zisusiwe kumhlaba ezime kuwo kuba ungalufanelanga ulwakhiwo lwezindlu ezisisgxina ezingu category B1 noB2 ngokwale ngcaciso ingentla. Okwangoku iingxelo zifumanisa ukuba uninzi lomasipala lunikezela iinkonzo ngolu hlobo:

• Amanzi: impompo ikhona isetyenziswa ngabantu abaninzi apho umzi nomzi ungafumana ama 25 litre amanzi ngemini aze amanzi abalekayo zibekhona indlela zokuwaqokelela angemi ndaweni-nye.
• Ucimo lomlilo: indledlana ezikhoyo ekuhlaleni zilungele ukuba izicimi-mlilo zingakwazi ukuhamba hamba Phakathi kwezindlu, zikhona nendawo ezakhelwe ukuba izithuthi zikamasipala ezakhelwe ukucima umlilo zikwazi ukuqhagamishela imibhobho zitsale amanzi.
• Indlu yangasese: ikhona indlu yangasese esetyenziswa yimizi elinani elithile engekho kude kakhulu ezindlini
• Amanzi abalekayo: amanzi abalekayo avela kumzi nomzi zikhona indawo zokuwalahla khona ukuze angalahlwa nje Phakathi kwemizi aze nokungcola nezifo
• Imilimandlela: iindlelana zokuhamba amanzi amdaka namanzi emvula zikhona kwaye zikhuselekile
• Iindledlana: zikhina iindlelana zokuhamba abantu ngenyawo, zivuliwe, zifanelekile zicacile. Kukhona needlela zokuba izitalato zikhanyiswe khona ukuze abahambi ngenyawo bakhuseleke.
• Uthutho lwenkunkuma: ikhona indawo ecaileyo apho inkunkuma iqokelelwa khona ze ithuthwe kanye ngeveki
• Umbane: zikhona izibane ezide ezikhanyisa indawo enkulu ekuhlaleni nasemigaqweni emikhulu. Zikhona nendlela zokuba abantu bakhanyise ezindlwini zabo, zisenthethweni nasemgangathweni ofanelekileyo ongabeki impilo yabantu engciphekweni.

Kubalulekile kakhulu xa kusenziwa uphuhliso lwendawo ezihlala uluntu ezikumgangatho ophantsi ukuba inkonzo zophuhliso zingabekwa nje naphina, kodwa kuqatshelwe ukuba kuqala indawo leyo ikolupohi uluhlu kumaluhlu ahlelwe nguMasipala (icategory ukutsho). Kwindawo ezikuluhlu uB1 apho indawo kufunyaniswe ukuba ingaphuhliswa kulo mhlaba ime kuwo abantu abazokususwa, inkonzo kufuneka zifakelwe ngohlobo oluncedisanayo nesigaba sokuba zifakelwe isigxina khona ukuze isigaba ngasinye sakhele kesiphambi kwaso. Amahlelo nezigaba zale nkqubo zicacisiwe ngasentla apha.

Kulula ke ukuhlela ukuba inkonzo zibekwe ndawoni kwindawo ezinemizi embalwa egqagqeneyo apho nendlela zokuhamba-hamba zinkulu khona. Kuba lula nokomba kufake imobhobho nezinye izinto kungakhange kuphazanyiswe imizi yabantu. Apho ke izindlu zisondelelene khona akubikho lula ukufaka iinkonzo. Maxa wambi iimpompo ziphela zifakwa ekungeneni kesixeko eso okanye izindlu zangasese zibekwe ndawoni-nye ekupheleni okanye embindini kuxhomekeka ekubeni abantu bazimise njani izindlu zabo. Le nto ke iye yenze abanye abantu babe kudana kunendawo ezikuzo iinkonzo ezo.

Amaxesha amaninzi ke kuye kunyanzeleke ukuba eminye imizi isuswe ibhekeliswe khona ukuze iinkonzo zophuhliso zosondezwe ebantwini.e ndaba yokususwa kwabantu abathile bebhekelela ukuba inkonzo zophuhliso zosindezwe yinto ekumle ukuba abahlali bathethisane ngayo, bayilungise, bathabathe inxaxheba nabo ekubonisaneni ukuba iinkonzo ezi zingema ndawoni,kukhangeliswe abo bantu mabasuswe indawo eyenye yokuhlala.

Indawo esilwihlelo B2 apho abantu basaxhwarhileyo kumhlaba abakuwo ngethuba besakhangelelwa unye indawo abazakusiwa kuyo ngenxa yokuba umhlaba abame kuwo ungakulungelanga ukuba kungakhiwa kuwo, inkonzo ziyafakwa nje kungakhange kwajongisiswa kakhulu ukuba kwakhelwe kuzo xa kusenziwa ezesigxina kodwa ke nalapha kuye kuqatshelwe izinto ezifana nokhuseleko nokuba abantu bakwazi kangangoko ukufikelela kuzo.

Qaphela ukuba urhulumente uyanyanzeliswa ngumgaqo-siseko welizwe ukuba enze inzame zokuba isidima sabantu bonke sikhuselwe enikezela ngenkonzo ezifana namanzi, izindlu zangasese, njalo njalo, abantu bahlale kwindawo ezicocekileyo ezingabagulisiyo bekhuselekile. Urhulumente kumele enze inzameesakhela kwinigudu yakhe rhoqo ukuophuhlisa eli phupha, encedisana nokuphucula impilo yabantu de babe nazo zenzindlu ezikumgangatho ophakamileyo neenkonzo ezisisgxina nazo ezisezingeni eliphakamileyo.

Le nto ke ithetha ukuba nokuba abantu bame kumhlaba ongenguwo okamasipala, ube ungenguwo nokarhulumente, uyanyanzeleka urhulumente ukuba ache iinkonzo zophuhliso kulo ndawo abantu bakuyo. Okokuqala wakha iinkonzo zokubambisa nje, aze ekuhambeni kwethuba asebenzele ukwakha iinkonzo ezisisigxina. Kulapho ke aye alandele izigaba ezichazwe apha zale nkqubo eziquka nokuvavanya umhlaba lowo abantu bame kuwo ukuba ufanelekile na ukuba kungaphuhliswa bekuwo, uyafumaneka kusi ni na, njalo njalo. Izigaba ezichazwe apha zakhiwe ngendlela yokuba urhulumente akwazi

See section 6.3 on page 136 of “Preparing to scale up informal settlement upgrading in South Africa” for more information on providing basic services on land one does not own.

Ngokwemali karhulumente yenkqubo upgrading of informal settlements subsidy quantum, ngokwenyanga kaApril 2018 besele kusele imali engage R30,000 umzi ukwenza izigaba ezingu 1, 2 and 3 zenkqubo yokupohuhliswa kwendawo ezihlala uluntu ezikumgangatho ophantsi. Kukho ke nemali engama R1,500 umzi  ebekelwe ukuncedisana nemo apho abantu kungafuneka bethuthile kwindawo abame kuyo besiya kuma kenye indawo belungiselela uphuhliso olu. Le mali yeyokuncedisana nedleko ezifana nezokuthutha, ukwakha kwindawo leyo entsha, njalo njalo.

Zikhona ke nezinye inkqubo zikarhulumente ezifana ne-enhanced Peoples Housing Process kwakunye ne-Integrated Residential Development Programme ezinokusetyenziswa nazo kulo hlelo lophuhliso.  Imali yenkxaso yokwakha izindlu okwangoku imi ngaphantsana nje kuma R117,000 umzi. Le ke ijongene nokwakhiwa kwendlu, hayi ukufakelwa kwenkonzo zophuhliso lokuqala (ibasic services ukutsho).

Kwakhona nayo iFinance Linked Individual Subsidy ingasetyenziselwa ukuthenga umhlaba apho izindlu zingakhiwa khona. Le ke imali ifunyanwa ngabantu abaphumeza imigaqo ethile ebekwe ngurhulumente eqwalasela ingeniso yabo, ubummi babo,njalo njalo njengoko besele kuchaziwe ngasentla.

Zimbini ezona Ndlela oomasipala abangafumana ngayo imali yokwenza olu uphuhliso:

• Umasipala angafumana inkxaso kwi human settlement development grant (HSDG); okanye
• Kwi urban settlement development grant (USDG) yona efunyanwa ngomasipala abambaxa.